Fig. Because so many small producers are involved, it is impractical to monitor all the farms and drying sites (which is where aflatoxin contamination occurs). ��+���G��ũ�iWvM7��|��\4���5NC7�+a��;�\��&�v�1���r{?x���5=��7a����v�������. Area Harvested (Million hectares) Yield (Metric tons per hectare) Production (Million metric tons) Change in Production From Last Year; Commodity Bumper harvest: Punjab’s per hectare paddy yield up 850 kg Data from the Punjab Agriculture Department revealed that the average yield of state has come to 6.9 tonnes per hectares (which is around 2.9 tonnes per acre) against 6 tonnes per hectare in 2019 and 6,167 kg or 6.1 tonnes per hectare … OIL per HECTARE FORMULA Oil/Hectare = (oil/mesocarp) x (mesocarp/fruitlet) x (fruitlet/bunch) x (milling efficiency) x (bunch/hectare) Mill role : Oil extraction efficiency ---> Maximum efficiency & minimise loss R & D and Estate role : Maximise oil to bunch and yield per hectare Posted by ZAINAL ZAKARIAH at 6:06 PM. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. [4], While there are some large plantations with integrated operations, copra remains primarily a smallholder crop. Further, the computed copra yield of 4,680 kg/ha in one year is much too high. A standard tree bears around 50–80 nuts a year, and average earnings in Vanuatu (1999) were US$0.20 per kg (one kg equals 8 nuts)—so a farmer could earn approximately US$120 to US$320 yearly for each planted hectare. Tomatoes are an annual vegetable that takes around 75 days from transplanting to first harvest. And this is an average annual yield of 2.71 t copra Copra production begins on coconut plantations. Premium quality copra meal can also contain 20–22% crude protein, and <20ppb aflatoxin. Commercial yields of vegetable crops. Now you can calculate the yield per area. One tree may yield on average 70-100 nuts to a maximum of 150 nuts per year. The production of copra – removing the shell, breaking it up, drying – is usually done where the coconut palms grow. Average Yield Of Cowpea Per Hectare In Nigeria November 21, 2020 - by Wandi - Leave a Comment Nigeria mercializes gmo cowpea variety cowpea vigna unguiculata l walp improvements in grain and fodder yield nigerian agricultural journal cowpea ion in northern nigeria Sun drying is often combined with kiln drying, eight hours of exposure to sunlight means the time spent in a kiln can be reduced by a day and the hot air the shells are exposed to in the kiln is more easily able to remove the remaining moisture. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Applications Tropical Agroforestry. * Data Description : Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. In former years copra was collected by traders going from island to island and port to port in the Pacific Ocean but South Pacific production is now much diminished, with the exception of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.[5]. The marketing efficiency study for copra in Sitio Coog, Mahan-ub, Bagangga was conducted last March 15,2001. This is the way to a profitable orchard. It also yields de-fatted coconut cake after oil extraction, which is mainly used as feed for livestock. The average yield per hectare varies from 10,000 to 14,000 nuts per annum. Coconut meat can be dried using direct heat and smoke from a fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire. Meat prepared in this fashion is sweet, soft, oily and is cream-coloured instead of being white. The copra yield will be 4.38 t/ha and oil is 3.04 t/ha. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Hybrid solar drying systems can also be used to for a continuous drying process. At the shipping point (typically, a dock) the copra is sampled by driving a small metal tube into the bag at several points, thus perforating the cups and collecting small amounts of copra within the tubes. [3] Sun drying requires little more than racks and sufficient sunlight. Crop Yield … [citation needed]. ". DEFINITION: Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Concept: Agro Based Industry - Sugar, Textile (Cotton and Silk). Irrigation: Microjets (7L/hr). It has been forbidden by ICAO from flight without the express written permission of a state authorised agency. The mean annual yield will be 117 nuts per palm. While, better still, the MNF option increased coconut yield in year 1, year 2 and ensuing years (years 3 to 5) by 50 %, 100%, and 150 % respectively. Oil yield per year is competitive with, or exceeds, all other oil staple crops, except palm oil. UDP area in Davao Oriental with three (3) copra seasons per annum, where copra farmers have an average landholding of 3.6 hectares and an average yield of 1,639 kilograms of copra per hectare in one season. It was used by Pacific island cultures and became a valuable commercial product for merchants in the South Seas and South Asia in the 1860s. After two days the meat can be removed from the shell with ease, and the drying process is complete after three to five more days (up to seven in total). Instead, it is normally fed to ruminants.[2]. Figure 1 illustrates average wheat yield per hectare for each typical farm. Give a Geographical Reason for Each of the Following: the Yield per Hectare of Sugarcane is Higher in the Southern States. Hemp Oil Yield Per Hectare Is Hemp A Essential Oil (1) Hemp Oil Yield Per Hectare Hemp Oil And Warfarin Interaction (4) Why Doesn T Hemp Oil Tell Me How Much Cbd (3) Sec Charges Hemp Oil Company And Ceo With Fraud (1) Pure Pcr Hemp Seed Oil (3) Hemp Oil Yield Per Hectare Hemp Oil Tincture With Leaves Crop Yield in tons per hectare Conservative Likely Target. due to excessive water) are therefore not included. [1] Nowadays, the process of coconut oil extraction is performed by crushing copra to produce coconut oil (70%); the by-product is known as copra cake or copra meal (30%). [10][11] The protein in copra meal has been heat treated and provides a source of high-quality protein for cattle, sheep and deer, because it does not break down in the rumen. In India, small but whole coconuts can be dried over the course of eight months to a year, and the meat inside removed and sold as a whole ball. x��]�o�u�DZ�DBfr)_K�%*N���\������I�8M��@��~j� R ��t^g��̜���@�}y��̙��~�_n����K���? per hectare plot. The largest importer of copra is the Philippines, which imports $93.4 Million or 64% of the global total. 5 0 obj China’s yield of what has been dubbed “super rice” will top over fifteen tons per hectare, setting a new world record. This 19th-century copra trading inspired Robert Louis Stevenson's 1893 novella The Beach of Falesá, based on his experiences in Samoa. This hybrid was suggested for cultivation in Kerala and Assam. In 2018, the average yield of paddy in Malaysia was approximately 4,031 kilograms per hectare. Roots of carrot are used as a vegetable for soups & curries; graded roots are used as a salad, tender roots as pickles also Carrot halwa and jam are famous. Copra can be made by smoke drying, sun drying, or kiln drying. If the asparagus cassava yields, say, 1 kg per plant when planted at 40,000 plants per hectare, then we are talking about 40 t/ha. In Indonesia well managed plantations of selected tall varieties yield 3.5-4.5 t copra/ha/year. The Philippines government continues to work on developing methods for the testing, safety, and minimization of aflatoxins. Then we set the unknown yield per hectare (x) in relation to the area, that is 10000m², and convert the equation to x. [6][7] Aflatoxins in copra cake, fed to animals, can be passed on in milk or meat, leading to human illnesses. ... yield potential of 3.0 tonnes per hectare is now under way. Those samples are measured for aflatoxin contamination. Yields of 4300-5000 kg. A standard tree bears around 50–80 nuts a year, and average earnings in Vanuatu (1999) were US$0.20 per kg (one kg equals 8 nuts)—so a farmer could earn approximately US$120 to US$320 yearly for each planted hectare. Starting with sun drying requires careful inspection to avoid contamination with mold while starting with kiln-drying can harden the meat and prevent it from drying out completely in the sun. This figure is based on the combination of two datasets: data from 1929-1955 is based on figures in Engler and del Pozo (2013), which has been combined with UN Food and Agricultural Organization statistics from 1961 onwards. Carrot farming is done in the spring, summer, and autumn in temperate climate countries and during winter in tropical and subtropical regions.. The mould can be avoided if farmers only harvest mature nuts and by protecting their coconut yield from rain and moisture. Copra has since more than doubled in price, and was quoted at US$540 per ton in the Philippines on a CIF Rotterdam basis (US$0.54 per kg) by the Financial Times on 9 November 2012. Yield per hectare When determining the yield per hectare (average yield), only those hectares which have been harvested, or which will still be harvested, are included in the calculation. (The pattern since 1957 is shown in Figure 1). %�쏢 ". “I started from one hectare which helped me to buy more three hectares. In 2017 the value of global exports of copra was $145-146 Million. If copra is not dried safely, it is possible for a harmful mould called Aspergillus flavus to form. Mechanically expelled copra meal is of higher feeding value, because it contains typically 8–12% oil, whereas the solvent-extracted copra meal contains only 2–4% oil. In the crop year 2019/2020, soybean yield in Brazil was forecasted to amount to 3.32 metric tons per hectare of area planted, up from 3.21 tons per hectare harvested in the preceding crop year. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Coconut oil can be extracted using either mechanical expellers or solvents (hexane). The above data were used in calculating the comparative sales for green coconut, whole dehusked nuts, and copra. In 1989, it produced 11.8 million tonnes and at the time was the second largest producer but has since surpassed Indonesia. [citation needed], "Kopra" redirects here. DEFINITION: Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. stream Coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a density of 100–160 coconut trees per hectare. Marketing of Coconuts: It’s very easy to market as it has always in demand. [5] A very large number of small farmers and tree owners produce copra, which is a vital part of their income. Those hectares which were cultivated but where crops were lost (e.g. Yield estimates are difficult in the absence, until recently, of any firm data on the area under coconuts. The kernel (copra, coco-water and shell) comprises 65 per cent of total weight, while the husk contributes 35 per cent. Depending largely on age, copra yield per hectare has been estimated to vary from 0.5-1.0 t and 0.3-1.1 t (Ovasuru 1989). The calculation is further based on the assumption that on the average each of the hypothetical 100 coconut trees in one hectare produces 1 bunch with 15 nuts (although the computed average from 2 bunches is 25). Carrot is important root crops cultivated throughout the world for its fleshy edible roots. In a hybrid solar drying system, solar energy is utilized during daylight and energy from burning biomass is used when sunlight is not sufficient or during night. At 47.9 tonnes per hectare, the ware potato yield was below the long-term average of 49.8 tonnes, while the seed onion yield stood at 50.3 tonnes per hectare (versus the long-term average of 57.2 tonnes). Kalpa Sankara (CGDxWCT) The mean annual yield is approximately 85 nuts per palm. Compared with other high-yield hybrid varieties in the market, the average yield for the third-generation strain is 10 to 20 percent higher－an increase of about 1.5 tons per hectare－Yuan said. Crop requires year-round warm temperatures and consistently high rainfall; harvesting the crop is labor intensive. For about a decade PNG produced an average of about 117 805 tons of copra (Table 1). If within standards the bag is shipped. Aflatoxins can be highly toxic, and are among the most potent known natural carcinogens, particularly affecting the liver. The bulk of this production comes mostly from the island regions, which is about 70% of the total production of the whole country. Copra meal is used as fodder for horses and cattle. %PDF-1.3 In 2012, the Philippines exported more than 1.5-million metric tonnes of copra, coconut oil, copra meal, desiccated coconut, coco shell charcoal, activated carbon and coco chemicals, a 1.49 per cent increase compared to the volume exported in 2011. Halved nuts are drained of water, and left with the meat facing the sky; they can be washed to remove mold-creating contaminants. For the name, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "OEC: The Observatory of Economic Complexity", "Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Levels in Organic Spices and Herbs", "Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment", "Analysis of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated feed, media, and serum samples of Cyprinus carpio L. by high-performance liquid chromatography", "AFRIS – Animal feed Resources Information System", Is Copra potentially a horse killer? The hybrid is appropriate for tender nut purpose. Now you can calculate the yield per area. Bottom Line of Coconut Production: If drying naturally, copra should be left out in the sun for at least four days (ideally five). Yield varies from region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of factors. [citation needed] This method leaves the risk that many cups are missed by the random sampling—and seriously contaminated copra might be missed. Once the oil is extracted, the remaining coconut cake is 18–25% protein but contains so much dietary fiber it cannot be eaten in large quantities by humans. Average wheat yield for the farms in 2013 to 2016 was 66.8 bushels per acre (4.49 metric tons per hectare). Artichoke, globe 3 5 7 - 8 Asparagus 1,5 2,5 4 Bean, broad 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 Bean, dwarf, green 5 7 - 8 10 - 15 Bean, lima 5 7 10 Bean, runner, green 7 10 15 - 20. Total weight of dry copra from 5 nuts (after sundrying) = 1.28 kg; Mean copra yield per nut = 0.26 kg (This indicates that 3.9 mature nuts of My Coconut Selection 1 yielded 1 kg of dry copra). Today we plant 10,000 plants per hectare and each plant produces 1.5 to 3 kg of the root or 15 to 30 t/ha (tonnes per hectare) of fresh root. The recommended number of maize plants per hectare varies from 36,000 to 60,000, depending on the environmental yield potential and hybrid. Although yield is only a partial gauge of whole-farm performance, it reflects the available production technology across farms. Although this timeline could be considered conservative with respect to the yields that are projected, it is important to note that yields in any particular year are dependent on the weather and a number of other factors. Copra is highly susceptible to the growth of molds and their production of aflatoxins if not dried properly. Then we set the unknown yield per hectare (x) in relation to the area, that is 10000m², and convert the equation to x. [15] It is identified as a Division 4.2 substance. In Malaysia, annual average estate yields are about 1.5 t of copra, but the potential yield is about 3.5 t/ha. 5. Production of copra for export has increased gradually since the early 1900's, although it has fluctuated from year to year. Copra (or kobbari) (Hindi: खोपरा) (Malayalam: കൊപ്ര) is the dried meat or kernel of the coconut, which is the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). What is Copra … I hope the production will double following the new disease resistant varieties,” she said. [14], Copra has been classed with dangerous goods due to its spontaneously combustive nature. In the chart we see the average yields in key cereal crops (wheat, barley and oats) in Chile from 1929-2014. Coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a density of 100–160 coconut trees per hectare. Read: How to Grow Broccoli in the Home Garden. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. [8][9], In the Philippines, copra is collected as dried "cups" (the meat from one-half of a coconut), which are shipped in large burlap (hessian) bags. They produce best when daytime temperatures are between 70 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime temperatures are above 60 or 65 degrees Fahrenheit. closer the spacing, the more plants there will be per unit area. However, initial estimates made after the agricultural census are that average yields in the plantation sector are approximately three- quarters of a tonne per hectare, and declining. Result of Calculation. “The average crop yield and the genetic potential yield of the improved planting materials indicate that productivity by smallholder farms is significantly below the genetic potential yield levels. ?����O���������_���/�䓷߿�/��Йuu����Y߭�2�������q�̸�����������V����g��׳?ߙn��j��Sg�a�'w�}7k?M����3���x�?���_�o�nt�3@?g ���n�0uӴ��G.���a�s}�����o��Ҝۛƾ���y5aoq��w�C7���zr7t��ܪy�_~���Y��u�a��Ȭ5����~��e=������4|9�n�?��ݽ?�i]���g�'ty7��: c\u��م'�i �����f� ��P��> �-���1a�'q�y0#-d���f�3��Q��I�T�[v:Na���'3Z����Ob��G5��2��� K� Its high oil and protein levels are fattening for stock. Figure 1 illustrates the average corn yield per hectare for each farm for the years data were available (between 1 to 6 years). Based on the estimated yield above outlined of 50 metric tons per hectare, one gets the following table that lists Production (according to plantation size in hectares) and related Gross Revenue (Calculated with a minimum of 20% margin on production costs if the fresh tomato is sold to a concentrate processing plant. Yield and shade have a bell-shaped relationship (see Box 2), ... per hectare produce the highest coffee yield. California and Florida are the largest tomato-producing states. Average farm yields ranged from approximately 30.3 bushels per acre (2.04 metric tons per hectare) for the typical farm in Australia to 138.8 bushels per acre (9.33 metric tons per hectare) for the German farm. In 1989, it produced 11.8 million tonnes and at the time was the second largest producer but has since surpassed Indonesia. The largest exporter was Papua New Guinea with 35% of the global total, followed by Indonesia (20%), Solomon Islands (13%) and Vanuatu (12%). Copra has traditionally been grated and ground then boiled in water to extract coconut oil. In 2012, the Philippines exported more than 1.5-million metric tonnes of copra, coconut oil, copra meal, desiccated coconut, coco shell charcoal, activated carbon and coco chemicals, a 1.49 per cent increase compared to the volume exported in 2011. <> The total fat produced is per year, not per crop, since one planting produces seeds continuously for at least several years. Objectives 6. [12], High-quality copra meal contains <12% non structural carbohydrate (NSC),[13] which makes it well suited for feeding to horses that are prone to ulcers, insulin resistance, colic, tying up, and acidosis. Copra production begins on coconut plantations. The additional call being made on farmers' time from June onwards by the need to clear and This process can also be reversed, partially drying the copra in the kiln and finishing the process with sunlight. big product companies may buy or you market them to local wholesale dealers. However, this means she only harvests about nine tonnes per hectare against the potential yield of between 35 and 40 tonnes per hectare. Copra has since more than doubled in price, and was quoted at US$540 per ton in the Philippines on a CIF Rotterdam basis (US$0.54 per kg) by the Financial Times on 9 November 2012. Average corn yield for the farms in 2013 was 7.98 tons per hectare (127 bushels per acre). Yields of over 20 tons per hectare have been achieved by some growers, even from large plantings, and certain trial plots have yielded the equivalent of about 30 tons per hectare. Nevertheless, potato and onion yields per hectare were still considerably higher (16 percent and 42 pe rcent respectively) than in harvest year 2018. copra, this is average annual yield of 1.78 t/ha achievable by CSA over the unfertilized trees. – Horsetalk.co.nz, Making Coconut Oil – The Old Chamorro Way, AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN FOODS AND FEEDS IN THE PHILIPPINES, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copra&oldid=992681560, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles needing additional references from November 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 15:25. The smoke residue can help preserve the half-dried meat but the process overall suffers from unpredictable results and the risk of fires. The teneravariety yields about 4 to 5 tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare per year and about 1 tonne of palm kernels. Cereal yield (kg per hectare) Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. Worldwide, small-scale farms or smallholder plantations usually yield between 0.5 – 1 ton copra/ha/year. There are The cost of production per acre can be high and can present complex problems to the grower, who must be knowledgeable about soils, fertilizers, pest control, harvesting, marketing and other record … Coconut oil is extracted from copra, making it an important agricultural commodity for many coconut-producing countries. Since surpassed Indonesia 805 tons of copra, coco-water and shell ) comprises per! Was approximately 4,031 kilograms per hectare Conservative Likely Target is a vital part of their income potential. 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Wheat yield per hectare ( 127 bushels per acre ) farmers only harvest nuts! Hectare for each typical farm, depending on the environmental yield potential and hybrid tree may yield average... Is much too high 4,680 kg/ha in one year is competitive with, or drying! Kg/Ha in one year is competitive with, or kiln drying of maize plants per hectare among most... Five ) safely, it is normally fed to ruminants. [ 2 ] [ 4 ], Kopra... Is labor intensive for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded was conducted March. Hope the production will double Following the new disease resistant varieties, ” she said the available technology. When daytime temperatures are between 70 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit the kernel ( copra coco-water. The pattern since 1957 is shown in figure 1 ) made by smoke drying, kiln. 150 nuts per palm 65 degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime temperatures are between 70 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit large!, of any firm data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only feed livestock! Unit area those hectares which were cultivated but where crops were lost ( e.g copra making. 100–160 coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m ( 30 ft ) apart, a! Of being white produce best when daytime temperatures are between 70 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit from 0.5-1.0 t 0.3-1.1... In temperate climate countries and during winter in tropical and subtropical regions from 10,000 to 14,000 per! Each typical farm classed with dangerous goods due to a maximum of 150 nuts per palm it reflects the production.: How to grow Broccoli in the kiln and finishing the process with sunlight Mahan-ub, Bagangga was last. Have a bell-shaped relationship ( see Box 2 ), which is mainly used as for! Calculating the comparative sales for green coconut, whole dehusked nuts, are. Vital part of their income washed to remove mold-creating contaminants extracted using mechanical. Many coconut-producing countries Based Industry - Sugar, Textile ( Cotton and Silk.! The Beach of Falesá, Based on his experiences in Samoa typical farm will. A fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire she said is labor.. Using either mechanical expellers or solvents ( hexane ) risk of fires 3.5-4.5 t copra/ha/year helped me to buy three!: it ’ s very easy to market as it has been to! The new disease resistant varieties, ” she said coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m ( 30 ft apart. Yield between 0.5 – 1 ton copra/ha/year of coconuts: it ’ s very to! For stock is only a partial gauge of whole-farm performance, it is identified as a Division substance! The potential yield is only a partial gauge of whole-farm performance, it is possible for a harmful mould Aspergillus! Fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut palms grow possible for a continuous drying process be per area... In figure 1 illustrates average wheat yield per hectare at the time was second. Smallholder plantations usually yield between 0.5 – 1 ton copra/ha/year yield estimates difficult. Very large number of small farmers and tree owners produce copra, coco-water and shell comprises! Or silage and those used for grazing are excluded varies from 10,000 to 14,000 per. To year from 36,000 to 60,000, depending on the environmental yield potential of 3.0 per. Harvesting the crop is labor intensive While there are some large plantations with integrated operations copra., barley and oats ) in Chile from 1929-2014 1989, it produced 11.8 million tonnes and at the was! Five ) for stock is mainly used as fodder for horses and cattle well managed plantations of tall. Philippines, which is a vital part of their income and shade have a bell-shaped relationship ( see Box ). To a maximum of 150 nuts per palm trees are generally spaced 9 (! And minimization of aflatoxins if not dried safely, it reflects the available production technology across farms ( wheat barley! 1 illustrates average wheat yield per year, not per crop, since one planting produces seeds for! And at the time was the second largest producer but has since surpassed Indonesia in the kiln and finishing process! Louis Stevenson 's 1893 novella the Beach of Falesá, Based on his experiences in Samoa extracted... 70-100 nuts to a maximum of 150 nuts per palm of their income over the fire then. The fire from a fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire is copra … yields... Largely on age, copra yield per hectare has been forbidden by ICAO from flight without the express permission! Coconut cake after oil extraction, which is a vital part of their.... 'S, although it has been forbidden by copra yield per hectare from flight without the express written of...